HISTORY PRE-1960
The
first time that people received the news was back during the times of the Roman
Empire in around 130 BCE, before the year 0. The daily events, called acta diurna in Latin, were carved into
stone and put up in public places, such as a market square, so that people
could read them. People could read about births and deaths, marriages, and the
results of legal trials.
Around
the same time in China, a similar thing was happening. The Chinese government
sent out messages called dibao,
meaning government report, to local governors, people who were in charge of an
area.
On 1454, A German man called Johannes Guttenberg found a printing
machine that can created many pages very qickly, it’s called The Printing Press.
In Europe in the 1620, people write a
single-page newsletter called Corantos.
People were writing about war and other interesting news but the government
cencored them, because they only want them to write corantos about the
information that can help the government.
In the 1644 in England, A famous poet named
John Milton published Areopagitica: A
speech for the Liberty of Unlicenc'd Printing. This speech called for the
freedom of the press, meaning that people should be able to report the news
without government trying to stop them.
The
summary is in this pre-1960 of the early
history of journalism is that the governments wanted to control the information
that people received.
HISTORY 1960 UNTIL
NOW
For most
of the 18th century, the government still controlling the publishing
of newspaper. For example, in the USA in
1722, Benjamin Franklin took over as editor of a newspaper called The New England Courant, because his
older brother was in jail. The government accused him of writing things that
were not true.
Then in 1791,
ten amendements to the US constitution called the Bill of Rights became a law. The
first amendement talked about freedom of religion, freedom of speech and also
freedom of the press. This
amendment protects journalists rights by making sure the government cannot
control the information or opinions that journalists publish.
In the
early 19th century, most of the newspapers were biased. (Told the
one side of the story or one POV)
In 1850
newspaper enlarge the publications not only national but international,
supported by the improved of the technology. And it continuous to popular
throughout the 20th century.
In 1920,
news were announce through radio. And in 1950, as the television more
popular, people now could see pictures as well as hear about the news. In 1990
internet become popular so online newspaper began to publish their news by
online. One example is Britain's Weekend City Press Review.
PRINCIPLES OF JOURNALISM(1):
GATHERING SOURCES
There
are ten principles of journalism:
- Verification
- Objectivity
- Originality
- Completeness
- Transparency
- Fairness
- Restraint
- Humanity
- Accountability
- . Empowerment
The
first two principles are verification and objectivity. Verification
means when the journalist gathering sources, they have to verify the
information that they get.
To make it sure, the journalist must write it
down or record the statement that given by eyewitness. The second principles is
objectivity. This means that the journalist must gather the information out of
from the eyewitness, it can be from internet or the past news that have a
connection with the new one.
The
second four principles are originality, completeness, transparency and
fairness. Originality is when a journalist wants to make a new news, it
must creating something new, must not borrow the words from others. If the
journalist copied a story from others, it’s called plagiarism. Completeness,
this means that journalists need to tell the whole story not just a part of it.
Transparency means that the people have the opportunity to look at the process
that the journalist goes through when they write their article. For example,
the journalist makes it clear who they spoke to. Fairness, means that a
journalist must think about the language they use in their article to make sure
they accurately tell the facts without bias favoring one side or another.
The last
four principles are restraint, humanity, accountability and empowerment.
Restraint, The journalist when stop themselves from writing things that could
be bad for people.Journalists also show restraint when they allow their sources
to be anonymous.This means that nobody knows their name. Journalists need to do
this because sometimes bad things could happen to the person if their name was
known. They might lose their job or possibly even get hurt. Humanity, means
that the journalist must treat the eyewitness, victim or other person that have
a connection to treat them as a human, not just a part of the story.
Accountability, means that the journalist takes responsibility for their
actions. There are two accountability, The first is personal. A journalist must
be responsible for the story that they write, balancing what the public needs
to know, and the rights of the people involved. Also, if there are mistakes in
the story, a journalist must admit and correct them. The second type of
accountability involves making the people in power responsible for their
actions. Empowerment, which means giving power to people who do not have it.
A journalist's job is to
speak for the people who don't have the power to speak.
WEEK 2
Chapter 1: Choosing A Topic
There
are three type to narrow a down a topic: type, place, and time.
Example:
Type –
technology
Place –
world become country, city
Time –
most recent use instead of the history of cellphone
Chapter 2: Researching an Idea
Before
thinking about idea, first we must now what kinds of articles:
-
News
story: the time it appeard, places hit it, the damage it caused & the people
it affected.
-
Investigative
journalism: it took a months/ years for extra research.
-
Interest
journalism: it focused on a person as way as of talking about the current
event.
Then
after knowing the kinds of articles, we can gather the sources by:
-
People/
eyewitness
-
Information
Chapter 3: Pitching a Story
The
process of newspapers and magazines go through when picking what stories to be
printed
a.
Newspaper
A newspaper should have mass appeal meaning, citizens
of all ages, backgrounds, levels of education should be interested in at
least some of the articles published in a newspaper.
b.
Magazine
Should have much specific traits. Example: the target is a
woman who lives in the city and have a professional jobs.
The source must be accurately, completely,
and truthfully.
c.
Radio
In
radio script, there are two things that we must to pay attention for:
-
The
structure
1.
a summary of the story or a question to be
answered.
2.
the names of people who are going to be
interviewed and what they are likely to say.
3.
any link to current events.
4.
an explanation as to why the story is
important.
-
The
approach
Means the way that
you do something. There are two ways to make the approach more interesting:
one, summarizing the story in the first sentence and two, establishing your
connection to the story.
WEEK 3
A structure of a news story:
1.
Headline
Is
a title/main idea of the article, it also have to get the readers attention.
2.
Byline
Identify
the author and author’s job. Sometimes included date and place the event
described in the article.
3.
Lead
Lead
is the first paragraph of the article. It gives the most important information
by what, why, who, when, where and how.
4.
Conclusion
Conclusion
can be found in the end od the article. It summarize the article.
5.
Images,
graph or maps (caption below the image)
The
author sometimes add some images to get the readers attention. And below of the
tittle there is a caption to explain a sentence of the image.
Types of Lead
There
are three types of lead:
1.
Summary
lead
In
this type of lead the event explained clearly. When it happened, who is
involved, what time and where it happened.
2.
Anecdotal
lead
This
type of lead that started with a personal story of the eyewitness and attract
the reader to read the whole article.
3.
Contrast
lead
In
this type of lead, the author use the opposite facts or ideas to start the
article.
How to make a Lead
Summary lead is the most common used
lead in news stories. Here are the Do’s & Don’ts:
DO’S:
1.
Give
the WH questions
2.
Being
spesifics
3.
Being
brief, use short and only few words
DON’TS:
1.
Don’t
put too much extra information that not nesecarry
2.
Don’t
repeat the information that already given
Associated Press Style
There are three parts of Associated
Press Style:
1.
Capitalization
We
use the capitalization on the first word of the sentence, names of people,
countries, cities, name of a books or movies, we use quotation not italic.
2.
Numbers
The
small number from one to nine should be spelled out. For example seven pillars not 7 pillars. Then from ten to above we should use numeral. So, we
write there are 45 countries not there are fourty-five countries. And
for a very large number, we always spell the millions or billions,
for example we write there are 250
millions people not there are
250,000,000 million people. Last for the percentage we should write the
percent, not the symbol. So, we write there
are 50 percent of.. not there are
50% of….
3.
Dates
For
writing the months, from August to February we can abbreviated it. For example January become Jan. Then from March to July, it should not be abbreviated, because
it’s already short so we have to write the whole words. Then if we want to
write the dates, we just write the number like, 1 Dec, 2019.
Reporting Accuarry
In this
part, a journalis must report a news accurately and complete. Not only from one
eyewitness, but also from others that have a connection with the accident or an
event. The journalist must get the news from different prespective. The journalist
also have to find the truth about the news that he/she will report.
Proofreading an Article
Proofreading
means that the author must read the finished article to check for the errors. This
is a very important step before we publish our article. On this step, we must
focus on Punctuation, Capitalization,
and Spelling.
WEEK 4
The Language Broadcast Journalism
Nowadays,
we don’t only read a news from a
newspaper, we also can listen to the radio and watch news broadcast on
television. The program on the television has a definite schedule, for example
on channel A, they have a scheduled a headline news three times a day. At 10
a.m, 3 p.m, and 9 p.m.
On the
studio, the journalist that report the news must be a professional journalist
and have a lot of experiences about journalism. They trying to not make a
mistake while “on air”. The journalist that reporting a news actually reading
the script from the “Teleprompter”. It’s a machine that will show the script
that will be red by the journalist.
The People of Broadcast
Journalism
In this
section, we will focus on: anchors, correspondents, producers, and control room
operators.
1.
Anchors
Anchor
is the lead of journalist. The journalist that read the news in the news
program shows called The News Anchors. They responsible for the program they hosting.
Sometimes, the name of the anchor is the show.
2.
Correspondents
Correspondents
are the other journalist from a different places and appear on the program. Correspondent
is the regular journalist, or they can be someone that have a specialities like
they may have a special knowledge about one topic. It's common for a
correspondent to travel to where the news is happening and report from there.
That's called being on location.
